In 1926, he served as assistant medical officer there[9] and was introduced to psychiatrist Sir David Henderson, a student of Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer. And people talk about the transmission of trauma through generations. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. Amory: Immortal Technique is rapping about it: Ben: But for those who have had to deal with the fallout of MK-ULTRA on a personal level, the fact that the program rarely gets discussed outside the realm of pop culture can feel discouraging. [17] Cameron argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics. For Cameron, the traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural or personality forms would themselves be infected. In theory, he was supposed to help her anxiety, depression, and postpartum depression. My recollection was that I wasn't able to provide him with much information that he didn't already have. After his mother confirmed that yes, there were 12 boxes of papers that her sons both lawyers said she probably shouldn't share, Duncan revealed that he had gone through and taken out "several papers" that identified "a particular patient." In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. Cregg: What do you know about mind-control experiments? music, sound effects, tone) are harder to translate to text. North America. 5, p. 2227) As a result of the lawsuit, the CIA agreed to pay $750,000, the maximum allowed under U.S. law, to settle a case without conceding liability. She was gonna go out there and do something. Very different. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. If he had a choice he would have kept living forever. She had no idea how to boil water, much less care for a child. The Canadian government also funded the project. [5], Cameron was involved in administering electroconvulsive therapy and experimental drugs, including poisons such as curare and hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, to patients and prisoners without their knowledge or informed consent. [37], Whether or not Cameron was aware that funding for his experiments was coming from the CIA is unclear; it has been argued that he would have carried out the exact same experiments if funding had come from a source without ulterior motives. In 1936, he moved to Massachusetts to become director of the research division at Worcester State Hospital only 1 year later. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. Amory: Nearly everyone who experienced Camerons treatments first-hand has since died. Ben: Today we grapple with Dr. Ewen Camerons legacy. Duncan: I mean, it's very different than the caricature that you sometimes read in the press. Cameron also hoped to generate families capable of using authority and techniques to take measures against mental illness, which would later be apparent in Cameron's MKULTRA and MKDELTA experiments. Ewen Donald Cameron. Another patient was suffering from leg pains that no one had been able to diagnose. Many spent this period of time in what he called the "sleep room," where they were drugged into a medically-induced coma that they were brought out of only to be given three meals a day and the occasional trip to the bathroom. Duncan: Yes. In the final installment ofMadness," we sit down with Duncan, and we explore the shocking ways his father's methods are still being used today. That was just something we wanted to get clarification on. Amory: In the early 60s, MK-ULTRA director Sidney Gottlieb took the so-called treatments Cameron used on his patients at the Allan and brought them back to the CIA. Patients were tested in the Radio Telemetry Laboratory, which was built under Cameron's direction. Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allen, a small town in Scotland, on December 24, 1901. This third type needs, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10. As for the ongoing lawsuits, some of the plaintiffs have actually contacted Duncan wondering if hed be willing to support their efforts. Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. It petered out in the early 60s as the programs director, Sidney Gottlieb, came to a realization. His work had led him to the belief that mental illness could be "cured" like, say, a broken hip might be rehabilitated. Or answer questions about his motivations, whether or not he knew he was part of the CIAs mind control efforts. Care of his patients went to his assistants, and here's where things get even weirder. Joseph Rauh (from the transcript): But as far as you know now, neither you nor your brother or sister or mother have *any* papers left that are not sort of public documents? Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. Scottish-American psychiatrist Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron led and conducted these experiments. Not only was Ewen Cameron running the Allan Memorial, but he was leading psychiatric organizations, he was teaching at McGill University, and he was still seeing private patients. [25], Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. Take a guess. Some of this work took place in the context of the Project MKUltra program for the developing of mind control and torture techniques, psychoactive poisons, and behavior modification systems. Cameron started to distinguish populations between "the weak" and "the strong". Heres documentarian Stephen Bennett, whose film Eminent Monsters looks at the real echoes of Camerons work in government interrogation programs today. Stephen Kinzer: In the end, Gottlieb was forced to conclude that there's no such thing as mind control and that everything he had done had been for naught. Montreal's CTV says that by the time she died in 2011, she had spent the last 20 years of her life as an "infant," unable to allow anyone near her head without a terrible reaction. While guys like Freud encouraged talking through problems, Cameron thought things like electroshock therapy and drug cocktails could be used to physically change the brain and get rid of the illness in question. Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. That was in December of 1959, and according to the lawsuit (via the Consumer Law Group), Cameron diagnosed Morrow as having "nervousness and tension." Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebb's sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatry's instruments of torture. And I feel for them for that. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the CIA. Ben: But Duncan is still, in some ways, trying to defend his dads honor. While he didn't name names or give specifics, he did say that papers "related to patients were destroyed.". Cameron never got his Nobel Prize in fact, he died not long after leaving Allan Memorial Institute. Heres journalist John Marks. And you can see this manual that's been found all around the world, from hellholes to modern democracies. Ben: But, as human experiments at the Allan Memorial Institute, and MK-ULTRAs mind control efforts, fade into history, reduced to references in tv shows and video game plot points, there are troubling examples of these techniques still in use today. And in a lot of ways, modern psychiatry has completely left behind the man who once dominated its ranks. Cameron decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. He continued his training in the United States under Meyer at the Phipps Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland from 1926 to 1928 with a Henderson Research Scholarship. Its not a very popular mountain to climb, its steep. "[H]e was born in. Please note . These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many were permanently debilitated after these treatments. These did nothing to calm the feud which continued through succeeding reigns to when Donald's grandson Ewen, the 13th chief, fought at the battle of Flodden where James IV was killed. v USA, 1988] Tom Beauchamp, a leading American bioethicist was an expert witness for Camerons estate, arguing that Camerons treatment complied with the norm and practice of the day. When asked about the decision to involve Cameron in MK-ULTRA, John Gittinger, the CIA officer in charge of monitoring his work said, quote, Now that was a foolish mistake. All Germans on trial would be assessed according to the likeliness for committing the crime. Cameron placed the psychiatric treatment unit inside of the hospital and inspected its success. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. They also asked him for clarification about what happened to his father's personal papers and patient records, and he replied, "Well, I didn't destroy the documents. Sign up and be the first to find out the latest news and articles about what's going on in the medical field. Here in the hospital Cameron could observe how the psychiatric patient resembled patients with other diseases that were not psychiatric in nature. 22 As the Watergate scandal broke in 1973, MKUltra was officially ordered to be shut down by the CIA. He demanded that political systems be watched, and that German people needed to be monitored due to their "personality type", which he claimed results in the conditions that give rise to the dictatorial power of an authoritarian overlord. Everyone who makes a monthly donation will get access to upcoming bonus content from the making of our series. Ben: Did he have any favorite sayings or idiosyncrasies or things like that that you remember or that made an impression on you when you were younger? Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria, per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Psychiatry would play a disciplinary role. Dr. Morrow, says The Washington Post, had applied for a fellowship in psychiatry with Cameron. The last generation of Holocaust survivors and their children express their concerns about current events A Five-Part, FDA Advisory Panel & CDC Director are Complicit in Sacrificing Childrens Lives to Protect Pfizer from Liability, Copyright 2023 Alliance for Human Research Protection, 1950s1960s: Dr. Ewen Cameron Destroyed Minds at Allan Memorial Hospital in Montreal, Law and Mind Control Mind Control Through Five Cases, Vera Sharavs documentary Never Again is Now Global now available. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. Ben: He looks like hes having a good time. Ben: Im Ben Brock Johnson, and youre listening to Endless Thread, the show featuring stories found in the vast ecosystem of online communities called Reddit. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player,[11] and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow. Agnes was born in 1844, in Richmond Victoria Australia. Which suggests it was for purposes of, not closure, but of not wanting information to come to light that was in the papers. Now, a recent court decision has. In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. At the heart of MKUltra, says The Guardian, was the broadcasting of videos of American POWs from the Korean War condemning their own country and lauding the benefits of Communism. Ben: Camerons research could never happen today at least not lawfully. Therefore, society should function to select out the weak and unwanted, those apt towards fearsome aggression that threatened society. Region. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. After he left, his position as chair of the department of psychiatry was handed to Robert Cleghorn. Ben: Jims right. By that time, information on Cameron's sleep room projects was coming out, and there were all kinds of people who were very quick to distance themselves from it. When it came time to evaluate Nazi leaders ahead of the Nuremberg Trials, he was one of a group of internationally renowned mental health professionals who were sent to decide just what was going on in the heads of some of the worst war criminals the world had ever seen. On the weekends, you'd think he would go out and mow the lawn or bask in the sun or go play golf or tennis, but none of it. During those years, Cameron began to expand on his thoughts about the interrelationships of mind and body, developing a reputation as a psychiatrist who could bridge the gap between the organic, structural neurologists, and the psychiatrists whose knowledge of anatomy was limited to maps of the mind as opposed to maps of the brain. Rauh: So any documents that would show the treatment of the plaintiffs in this case were destroyed? What Hebb and Cameron both have in common is their contribution in establishing the scientific foundation for CIAs two-stage psychological torture method. Duncan Cameron: No. Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. Velma Orlikow, for instance, was dealing with postpartum depression. A series of other research scandals in the 1960s resulted in stricter regulation of research practices and a more stringent code of ethics. Amory: Jim Turner was one of two prosecutors on the case. McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. Amory: We definitely will. Although society had established sanctions against the spread of infectious diseases, Cameron wanted to extend the concept of contagion to chronic anxiety. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. One of the weirdest chapters in U.S. history was approved on April 13, 1953, and any time anyone says anything about "the good ol' days," when things were just better, simpler, and kinder, well, point to MKUltra and say, "Check out this madness!" He published a book called Remembering[18] and extended psychiatric links to human biology. But the government agency backing his experiments at the Allan did find a way to make use of his methods. . In this, he hoped to establish a suitable method to reinstate a form of justice in Germany that could prevent its society from recreating the attitudes that led it from the Great War to World War II. Ben: OK. Fair. This personality type poses a danger to those closest to them, especially children. First I have to say that my father was exceedingly committed to his field. For instance, he was careful to say he didnt know anything about his dads treatment regimen at the Allan, which may very well be true. Marian: It's become so embedded in our narrative, in our pop culture, without people really understanding that it happened It was real. Rauh: A question that Mr. Turner wanted me to ask was what happened to the papers identifying the patients? Amory: But, Camerons extreme measures didnt result in a Nobel Prize or any mental health breakthroughs, which is why Harvey finds a certain poetry in his untimely death. [33] The son of one of Cameron's patients noted in a memoir that other than Ed Broadbent and Svend Robinson, no Canadian MP brought up the issue in the House of Parliament. Cameron began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated. And I recall going through them and *taking out* several papers that appeared to me to be identified or could be identified as dealing with a particular patient. ", Why MKUltra's Top Brainwashing Scientist Was A Real-Life Nightmare, "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron. The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Scotland in 1901. Thus, this group would have to be studied and controlled as a contagious social disease. Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. It affected a lot of people. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." Ewen married Agnes Cameron (born Bell) in 1867, at age 35 at marriage place. The human significance of his dark legacy was brought to public attention when nine of his Canadian victims filed lawsuits in 1980s twenty-one years after Camerons death. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. Her life was sad. [citation needed][21]. You can buy the full book for only . It has to do with another of his Adirondack hikes that changed the Cameron family forever. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". Cameron's work stopped when she gave birth, and Lloyd remembered a broken mother. I then *went through* the papers, because I felt that it would be improper to leave in the papers any paper that identified patients. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. A notoriously tough climb, he did it with his son James, and when he got to the top, he had a heart attack and died almost instantly. The idea that people needed to sit down and talk about their problems was the old way of doing things, and Cameron was living in an era where things were getting more and more automated. I wasnt destroying documents. Instead of being considered for the fellowship, the neurologist was admitted to his Allan Memorial Institute, diagnosed with schizophrenia, and given such a heavy dose of barbiturates that it triggered an allergic reaction and she suffered from a prolonged loss of oxygen to the brain. Ben: But some key documentation of Camerons time at the Allan is straight up missing. Did he ever talk about that? Skip Ancestry . He had a Mercedes. Duncan: They got close to the top and James looked around and my father had passed away. And I think my father would have too. Typically, I would show up there and, if it was a Friday, ask if I could have a lift down to Lake Placid. Ben: Did you ever get a sense of at least some of the things that he was trying to accomplish while he was at the Allan? Cameron began his training in psychiatry at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital in 1925. Who hasnt talked about this in a long time. Shes also signed on to the class-action lawsuit against McGill University, the Canadian government, and the CIA. His death occurred while climbing a mountain. He also organized the structure of mental health services in the western half of the province, establishing 10 functioning clinics; this model was used as the blueprint for similar efforts in Montreal and a forerunner of 1960s community health models. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes. They had 11 children: Allan Francis Cameron, John Donald Cameron and 9 other children. In 2020, director Stephen Bennett released "Eminent Monsters," a film that examined the link between Cameron's work and the torture techniques used by organizations around the world, including the CIA. It's hardwired into the brain. Duncan: It's really a very moving editorial. It's not clear how many patients Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments destroyed, but some families have come forward with stories of what was done to their loved ones. The extent of Goldberg's treatment - or mistreatment - while in the care of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron at the Allan Memorial Institute, would remain an encumbering family secret for years. He had patients. It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society. . The guilt of her baby's deadly staph infection stayed with her, and when she became pregnant with her second, and the CBC says she went into Cameron's care in February of 1960. Part of Camerons plan for his patients was to wipe their minds clean, to make them forget their past, so they could move forward. Cleghorn immediately went and took a long, hard look at what Cameron had actually been doing in his little corner of the university, and he was pretty shocked. When then-CIA director Stansfield Turner testified about the program in 1977, he said (via the Smithsonian) that the bottom line was to develop "the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior." Family 9 - Donald CAMERON 34, wife Agnes 30, children John 18, Margaret 13, Ann 12, Donald 10, Christian 8, Alexander 6, Dugald 2, Duncan 1/2 (see Donald Cameron) Family 10 - Duncan CAMERON 30 unmarried, sister Mrs McLENNAN 28 and Catherine McLENNAN 5 There must have been records of experiments. . His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. Psychiatric experimentation: the lessons or history, The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol. So what led the CIA to get onto this fantasy? Photo by Courtesy of Julie Tanny For the first four years of Julie Tanny's. sister. In 1963, the CIA published the Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation manual, and that's exactly what it sounds like guidelines on how to get people to talk. She's the exception, though, and the CBC says that 2020 saw others like Lana Ponting, who was just 16 when she was sent to the sleep room hoping that year, it would finally be their year, thanks to a class action lawsuit filed in 2019. In other words, they really must have seen that there was something wrong and crazy. Amory: This is from The Adirondack Daily Enterprise, is the name of the paper. Genealogy profile for Major Donald of 4th Chief Clunes "Old '45" Cameron Major Cameron . [14] Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. And in a sense, that's what he wanted to do professionally. And the funeral was yet another opportunity for Marian and her siblings to learn more about the mother who had been absent for so much of their childhoods. Were they *destroyed* or did you just take the patients name out? He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. Duncan: I have no recollection whether there were any papers relating to any of the--. To prevent this, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society. About 55 families of victims who underwent medical experimentation in the 1950s and 1960s are suing for millions of dollars. Stephen: So they created a manual, which basically was for intelligence personnel. Shes a member of SAAGA, or Survivors Allied Against Government Abuse. Though he does seem to imply that it was done by him or someone in the family. In the late 1940s, Cameron presented his ideas in a lecture entitled Dangerous Men and Women. These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." Ben: Sure. From 1939 to 1943 he was professor of neurology and psychiatry at Albany Medical College, and at the Russell Sage School of Nursing, also in the Albany area. Amory: Were bringing you the last installment of our special series: Madness The secret mission for mind control and the people who paid the price. In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. We encourage you to research and examine these records . Marian: There was a picture of my mom there and somebody commented, Ugh that's the Johanna that's her name I remember. And my sister looked at him and said, But what was she like? 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