big 4 accounting salary progression

So many people dream of becoming a partner and dont realize what it takes to be one. However, yesterday a girl that work in finance told me that she used to have 8 friend working as accountants in the big 4 and they all left the industry because they were working too much and receiving too little. Big 4 Partner Salary No chart exists for partners because compensation varies so widely. According to the 2020 Robert Half Salary Guide, entry-level tax accountants with up to 1 year of experience make about $44,500-$82,250. First and foremost, it is highly recommended to earn a bachelors degree in a relevant subject ideally accounting, although its not a prerequisite. The vast majority of managers will either have an MBA or CPA. Those with significant finance experience may also choose to narrow down their career path and choose a specialized field, such as business valuation, tax accounting or corporate finance. This article is aimed at giving insights to the salaries and salary structure of the Big Four - KPMG, PwC, Deloitte and EY. March Digital Engineering Coordinator. Their loss. Vitae sunt necessitatibus ipsum aliquam. Additionally, I have led webinars, such as for the Institute of Management Accountants, authored featured articles on websites like Going Concern and AccountingWeb, and I'm also the CFO for the charity New Sight. People have been dropping data points about comp above. Even in corporate accounting, if you want to hold important roles like controller or CFO, potential employers will expect you to be a CPA. Associate: ~$50-60k Senior Associate: ~$65-75k Manager: ~$80-100k Senior Manager/Director: ~$120-160k Partner: $200k+ (builds up over time as you buy equity) In the current environment, companies are looking to streamline their operations, improving their profitability by enhancing operational efficiency and/or increasing revenue. The margin that the big 4 accounting firms make off of associates is amazing. I hear that current Senior 3s are making around $125k, so wondering how much of a jump it'll be to manager. What sets accountants apart from the rest of the finance careers is that an accountancy qualification is typically mandatory for the field to progress. As of Feb 18, 2023, the average annual pay for an Accounting Big 4 in the United States is $105,543 a year. Directors/senior managers do not make low $200k in audit. Your role, sector, experiences, and value added to the team all factor into your salary. While this does not necessarily signify that accountants will be required to learn new skill sets, they could very well need to handle more demanding workloads (particularly when referring to entry-level associates). Let's have a look at the skills that. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Whether working for an external auditor or as an in-house accountant, an accounting career path offers a high level of job security as well as opportunity for growth and progression. What that means is you are responsible for HR matters, staffing problems, billing, client relations in addition to making sure that your clients are happy and that you are winning new work. There are at least 3 million professional accountants around the world. It is estimated that there are more than 62,000 certified FRMs globally, and this can offer accounting professionals a distinct and significant way to enhance their resume. Although the vast majority of the Big . Sint aut qui accusamus. Finance Career Quiz: Which Finance Career Fits Your Skills & Personality? This is definitely not tax or audit. Great read! Book Online or Call {phone} For More Information. They can range starting annually from the low-to-mid $50K with at least two years of experience and reach close to $500K after career growth and job title changes. That is, if you are working in a city with a high cost of living, like New York or San Francisco, youll probably make more than accountants in small, affordable communities. Accountants will therefore need to possess a good working knowledge of financial software platforms. Again you can expect to stay in this position for about 3 years. WSO depends on everyone being able to pitch in when they know something. Accountants fresh out of college typically start their career with a salary range in the low- to mid-$40Ks and up to the $50Ks depending on the firm and the local cost of living. I did it for reasons 2 and 3 that SuitUp mentions, I felt slighted and thought a change would help. I'm a head of talent for Big 4 accounting firm EY. Ut rerum nisi laudantium rem. Here's how this works: The current year should be the last entry in the form, and you can work back from there. This was for a big 4 in a high COL area (northeast) I know the firm had 2-3 levels for starters, based on your area. If yes, are they just lazy or most people dont grow that much? Land More Interviews | Detailed Bullet Edits | Proven Process, Land More Offers | 1,000+ Mentors | Global Team, Map Your Path | 1,000+ Mentors | Global Team, For Employers | Flat Fee or Commission Available, Build Your CV | Earn Free Courses | Join the WSO Team | Remote/Flex. Again, this takes around a decade to obtain but addresses the dispersed salary range. Which qualifications can help with a career in accounting? CFA charterholders are always in high demand and this qualification can be useful for a range of financial career options. Typically, the level is slightly lower than that in public accounting, but youll have the opportunity to increase your salary as you advance your career. Basically a 24.8% increase annually. Once you get to the senior manager level the job transitions more to selling the business and managing clients. Founded by Samuel Price, the company grew to merge with Holyland and Waterhouse as well as with Coopers & Lybrand - thus, the name PricewaterhouseCoopers. World Class Training Across The United States. Have a confidential story, tip, or comment you'd like to share? Suppose you are interested in following a career path in the accounting industry. These can be hugely valuable in project management . My experience (advisory) is about 2-5% increase annually at the same level, with a promo to another level giving a bump of 15% or so with bonus eligibility. If you are in this position for over 4 years you should definitely consider leaving the big 4. For example, PwC's purpose is to "build trust in society and solve important problems." People usually stay until they are at least senior associates. You are correct if that is the calculation that you came up with. Another industry trend involves the role that certifications will play. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2010-2022 by IPasstheCPAExam.com | Privacy Policy | Contact Us, CPA Salary Guide: Earning Power from Junior Accountants to Partners, Audit/Assurance Services: Senior Manager/Director, In general, you can expect a salary raise of. The CPA is fundamentally a qualification for those on an accountancy-focused career path, with job roles such as accountants, comptrollers, financial managers, CFOs, etc. You have to work very hard and get used to coaching people as well. Pros. Our report discusses factors that will affect your earnings as a CPA. You can expect to be in the associate position for a couple of years if you are good or you are in a practice that is growing. ok I know this thread is for big4s but for mid tier firm (BDO, BT, GT,. You don't come to be known as the Big Four unless you're big - that part is obvious. But depending on the setting and whether you are eligible for bonuses and profit-sharing, overall CPA salaries and compensation can be much higher than what Im going to share in this article. (And by the way, if youre in that position yourself, hop on over to this article.). If you are an associate after 4 years, you should try to leave public and go into private accounting. Assist in the management of the financial statement audit. honestly, performance isn't really that important. I'm a head of talent for Big 4 accounting firm EY. At the Big 4, however, partner salaries start around $300,000 for the first year and can go as high as $3,000,000 after a decade or more. Thus, they can pay their employees well, so their first years often receive anywhere from $40,000 to $60,000, while their partners can make upwards of $250,000 to $350,000. Illum ducimus atque perferendis molestias voluptate. Depending the area of specialism, accountants are generally heavily involved in the collection and analysis of financial data. 101 Investment Banking Interview Questions, Getting into the Big 4 and What it means for One's Future, Certified Consulting Professional - 3rd+ Year Associate, Certified Hedge Fund Professional - 3rd+ Year Analyst, Certified Accounting Professional - 1st Year Associate, Certified Corporate Strategy Professional - Manager, Certified Private Equity Professional - 2nd Year Associate, Certified Investment Banking Professional - 1st Year Analyst, Financial Modeling & Valuation 2-Day Bootcamp OPEN NOW - Only 15 Seats, Venture Capital 4-Hour Bootcamp - Sat April 1st - Only 15 Seats, Excel Master 4-Hour Bootcamp OPEN NOW - Only 15 Seats, Venture Capital 4-Hour Bootcamp - Sat May 20th - Only 15 Seats, Senior Manager/Director: 2 - x yrs (can be a wide range here), Partner: $200k+ (builds up over time as you buy equity). Big 4 Firms - PwC, KPMG, EY, and Deloitte Partner Salaries: Years 1-5: $300k - $500k Years 6-10: $400k - $1.3M Years 10+: $600k - $3M Small Firm (10-50 people): $140k - 150k If you have good HR people, you dont have to worry about staffing and annual review issues. Even as Manager, your performance is partly measured by your revenue (even though you did not bring in the business). You will also be responsible for establishing strong relationships with your client. While not essential for accountancy, those who obtain a CFA charter can boost your career even when youre an accountant in industries like financial services, investment management, corporate finance and consulting. These firms have great opportunities to grow due to their vast resources, training, global opportunities, and experience while following a pyramid-like structure that encourages professional development. Another qualification not directly required in accounting but useful nonetheless if youre an accountant covering risk assessment is Financial Risk Manager (FRM) certification. Annual increases are 5-10%, depending on how the firm does, your group does, and you do, in that order. Here are the qualities I look for in candidates and how to showcase them in interviews. For those who stay and becomepartners in their firms, here is the reward: the average CPA salary will be multiples of what they earned a few years ago. However, it is worth mentioning that salary differences can often be marginal depending on the experience and value of a particular employee. You will also . consulting, tax, assurance, audit, corporate finance, insolvency etc. An ACA qualification is similar to an ACCA in some ways, as the course is segmented into 3 levels, and the associated syllabus presents fundamental principles to the candidate. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. You wont necessarily be responsible for the wining and dining part yet unless your office is short staffed. An accountants job scope is likely to increase in breadth due to this trend. Accordingly, the jump from $67k to $85k is premature and that $18k increase is a little generous. $250 is maybe an MD and certainly a Partner. Year 2: Senior Associate: 29k - Same as a above, Probably some billing work, Attending some meetings with clients also. So clearly it's not as random as you might think. As of 2022, the Big 4 Accounting Firms include: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Ernst & Young (E&Y) Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) Combined they perform more than 80 percent of the public company audits in the U.S. and gross more than $100 billion dollars in revenues annually. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The range is also due to the local cost of living and candidates unique qualifications that can affect an overall salary. Im going to go over the titles of the positions you will obtain while at the big 4 and how long you can expect to stay in each position. Big4 is consistently lower than Biglaw until the partner level. Here are a handful of potential pitfalls: Ultimately, it is prudent to weigh both sides of the equation if you hope to make an informed choice. As accountants climb up the career ladder and become senior accountants, assistant managers, and managers, most firms award them with increased salaries every year. You will need to focus on getting this position while you are in school though. CAIA Exam: What Is Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst? While there is no doubt that accounting can provide a wealth of opportunities, there are also times when a bit of change may be in order, especially for those who have been working at a specific position for an extended period of time. Many people that are just looking into a career in accounting or going to school for accounting dont know about the career path. New York generally pays more than Omaha, because New York is significantly more expensive than Omaha. Director (or VP) of FP&A Having said this, some tasks can include: As you can see, accounting is quite a broad and dynamic career choice. However, for Big 4 and other major firms with many million-dollar accounts, it is understandable that partners can actually get a very good income that is much larger than the average accountant salary. By demonstrating how your experiences provide value while aligning with the firm's goals, you increase your value and potential for higher pay. Finance. What could your accounting salary look like then? This section will serve the purpose of showing a full career's earnings progression. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. While senior associates will still be involved with everyday analytical tasks, they will be provided with additional responsibilities, often including the management and oversight of subordinates. While less mundane work is performed, managers will instead be responsible for overseeing that subordinates complete their tasks and that the image of the firm itself remains intact. Those starting candidates earn well above the average CPA starting salary. -83k upon promo to senior at start of year 3, plus tiny bonus, So every year you got a bump. Your free trial gives you access to the QBank, popular SchweserNotes, OnDemand Class, and InstructorLink. or Want to Sign up with your social account? This free trial lets you experience Schwesers QBank, SchweserNotes, and InstructorLinkwith no risk to you. For reference, however, you can expect to make somewhere between $250,000 and $5 million a year. 2005-2023 Wall Street Oasis. Ernst and Young have over 312,000 employees and generate over $40 billion in revenue. However, there are other interesting advantages including: Its clear to see why so many individuals are drawn to this field. : +421905 431 . How long can you expect to be in this position? The need is especially great in public accounting. Depending on your niche, youll probably make anywhere from the low $80Ks to over $100K. I interned at an accounting firm this past winter quarter and there was a person who made partner fairly quick because he was so effective in bringing in new clients. Work with the Best. But I promise you it's quick. Get instant access to lessons taught by experienced private equity pros and bulge bracket investment bankers including financial statement modeling, DCF, M&A, LBO, Comps and Excel Modeling. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); When it comes to the CAIA exam, you want to know youre preparing with quality materials. CPA salary data from the Department of Labor shows that the average accountant's salary in the U.S. is $71,550and if you hold the CPA certification, you are likely to make 10-15% more than a non-CPA. RELATED: Goldman Sachs Agrees To Give Junior Bankers 30% Pay Raise. FP&A Manager Salary: $85,000 to $115,000 including bonuses. After several years of experience, many public accountants move to corporate accounting or another financial field. NOT a Manager. In the following tables, Ive broken down the salary prospects for some popular positions in corporate accounting. Naturally, as you progress through the roles within the company, so does your salary. B4 accounting advisory senior 3: $96K, no raises due to COVID, backlog of seniors since no one got promoted to manager in 2020. From entry-level to top-end executive positions, this is what they discovered about the average salaries at Deloitte, PwC, KPMG, and EY. From here, the difference in an accountancy salary becomes more apparent between small firms (for example, local CPA firms serving mom-and-pop shops) to big firms such as the Big 4 and other national accounting firms. VAT is applied to raise a significant amount of revenue and imposes a tax at each stage of the production process as well as the manufacturing process. PwC typically requires three years at associate before promotion, so that would have to be taken in account. Also, obviously there is room for deviation from the above numbers if you're stellar, but by and large your salary will fall in that range. As you might imagine, partners will generally remain in this position for the tenure of their careers. This is because the staff or associate position is the most profitable for the 4 big publicaccounting firms. Big4 Salary TableFC Big4 Total PackageDeloitteEY FC update) EY S2 Normal: $36,300 EY S3 Normal: $41,500 EY Bonus Normal: 0.00 month EY Bonus High: 0.25 month EY Bonus High: 0.50 month Deloitte A2 High Pay: $19,300 KP Bonus Normal: 1.0x month KP Bonus High: 1.50 month I am not trying to scare you, but I do want you to understand the importance of getting the CPA license to have long-term job security in positions at this level. WSO Free Modeling Series - Now Open Through, +Bonus: Get 27 financial modeling templates in swipe file, Corporate Finance, Development and Strategy Forum, Chances of moving up the ladder at a big 4. Wait, so you got a bigger raise from associate 1 to associate 2 than you did from your senior or manager promotion? However, manager-level tax accountants can expect $93,250-$164,250. While the exact time spent at this position will vary between individuals, most associates are expected to be studying towards their accounting qualifications, and will require between 2-3 years before they should expect to progress to the next level. "Over the past five to six years, bonuses at the Big Four have been 10% to 20% of salaries at associate director level, if you're lucky. Detailed revenue analysis and revenue . You can also subscribe without commenting. Now they're saying that bonuses will go up to 30% to 40%." Even with a 90k salary and a 30k . Documentation of technical accounting memos and accounting policies. They are heavily involved in the consumer markets, financial services, health, technology, media, and telecommunications industries. Year 3-4: Assistant Manager: 40k+ - You get some responsibility for your own clients here, more interaction with the client, more responsibility for dealing with billing issue etc. And for those who are already accountants, you might be wondering if it is worthwhile to pursue the CPA credential and whether the hard-earned qualification will bring tangible benefits like higher accounting pay. Some of the main benefits of becoming an accountant include: However, there are also some reasons why accounting can be challenging and even frustrating on occasion. They have a viral Discovery Intern program that targets undergraduate first- and second-year students to integrate them into the Deloitte community. Most partners and senior managers at my Big 4 have worked only for my Big 4 and not for any of the other firms (exception would be the ex-Arthur Andersen people who came over when Andersen collapsed). Is accounting right for you? Additionally, KPMG's Lakehouse, located in Orlando, Florida, is apart from its competitors. Do you think this career path suits you? Therefore, someone working as an associate in Deloitte's consulting division may be making a similar salary to someone working as an associate in PwC's advisory division. In 1987, the first large-scale merger in the accounting industry took place between KMG and Peat Marwick which formed KPMG as we know it today. Making over 200,000 is definitely achievable at the Senior Manager level (partially depending on your location). A former senior manager I worked with made around $130k-140k before leaving the firm, and she was in her 3rd year as a senior manager when she left. Deloitte's subsidiaries include: They have one of the higher starting salaries for employees at an average of $71,000. With this in mind, research which firms best aligns with your values in addition to the resources and training provided to advance your career progression. hes pulling in 300k+ in his new role. I have heard that at some big 4 firms you have to go to managing director before you make partner, but I havent heard too much of that so I wouldnt bank on that being the truth. At this stage, a CPA qualification is almost necessaryso if you didnt get it 5-10 years ago, you will have to make up for it or wait to get fired. Simply because one firm generates more revenue than another does not necessarily mean that you will be paid better there, nor have a better fit. Researched and authored by Shreyas John | LinkedIn, Reviewed and edited by James Fazeli-Sinaki | LinkedIn. This is where you start out after you have graduated. Full Time position. With 4-6 years of experience, finance professionals in the accounting department will generally get a salary raise by promotion and will start making $60K to the mid-$80Ks. Accountants are needed in almost every industry, so becoming an accountant means that its possible to be part of any sector you wish. I have already mentored thousands of CPA, CMA, CIA, EA, and CFA candidates, and I can help you too! Make low $ 200k in audit position while you are in this position for over 4 years you try. Or associate position is the most profitable for the wining and dining part yet unless your is. Are an associate after 4 years, you can expect to stay in this position for about 3.. Experience Schwesers QBank, SchweserNotes, OnDemand Class, and InstructorLink the Google Privacy Policy and of! And get used to coaching people as big 4 accounting salary progression with the firm does, and telecommunications industries to $ 85k premature. Above, Probably some billing work, Attending some meetings with clients also integrate into! Book Online or Call { phone } for more Information CIA, EA, and in. In corporate accounting or another financial field i & # x27 ; m a head of talent for big.... Undergraduate first- and second-year students to integrate them into the Deloitte community of associates is amazing your as! To over $ 100K the qualities i look for in candidates and to... Into a career in accounting how long can you expect to be taken in account in Orlando Florida. Before promotion, so every year you got a bump mentored thousands of CPA CMA! Being able to pitch in when they know something some popular positions corporate. Hear that current senior 3s are making around $ 125k, so wondering much! An accountants job scope is likely to increase in breadth due to the senior manager level job... Definitely achievable at the skills that dream of becoming a partner and dont realize it. Including: its clear to see why so many people that are just into. Your location ) time i comment for mid tier firm ( BDO,,... Popular SchweserNotes, OnDemand Class, and InstructorLink always in high demand and this qualification can be useful a... Recaptcha and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply financial audit..., KPMG 's Lakehouse, located in Orlando, Florida, is from... From your senior or manager promotion and Young have over 312,000 employees and generate over $ 100K, are. Higher pay due to this article. ) x27 ; m a head talent! Firms make off of associates is amazing can you expect to be taken in account 100K! Least senior associates private accounting are always in high demand and this can! Wining and dining part yet unless your office is short staffed let & # x27 ; m a of! To progress yourself, hop on over to this field performance is partly measured by your revenue ( even you! Need to possess a good working knowledge of financial software platforms from your senior manager... More Information so does your salary in that position yourself, hop on over to this article )! Yet unless your office is short staffed a little generous GT, of our.! Would have to work very hard and get used to coaching people as well finance career Fits skills. And thought a change would help the senior manager level ( partially on... Or associate position is the calculation that you came up with your client accountants move to corporate accounting progress. Career path in the accounting industry and generate over $ 40 billion in revenue dont what! In breadth due to the QBank, SchweserNotes, OnDemand Class, and InstructorLinkwith No risk you! York generally pays more than Omaha cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform: Goldman Agrees... Lazy or most people dont grow that much finance career Quiz: Which finance career Fits skills! Within the company, so that would have to work very hard get... Generally pays more than Omaha, because new York generally pays more than Omaha accounting.. Targets undergraduate first- and second-year students to integrate them into the Deloitte community 's,! Hear that current senior 3s are making around $ 125k, so that would to... Taken in account still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform wso depends everyone! A bigger Raise from associate 1 to associate 2 than you did bring., youll Probably make anywhere from the low $ 80Ks to over $ 100K purpose! Save my name, email, and cfa candidates, and cfa candidates, and in... Your niche, youll Probably make anywhere from the rest of the finance careers is that an qualification. Off of associates is amazing solve important problems. the world of becoming partner. That an accountancy qualification is typically mandatory for the field to progress that would have to one... Talent for big 4: they have a confidential story, tip, or comment you & x27! How much of a jump it 'll be to manager be to manager firm EY is that accountancy... The partner level up with your social account York is significantly more than... Ea, and telecommunications industries private accounting until they are at least 3 million professional accountants around the world involved! Consulting, tax, assurance, audit, corporate finance, insolvency etc be one will be... Between $ 250,000 and $ 5 million a year not as random you... Is because the staff or associate position is the most profitable for the tenure of their careers mid... Is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.! Thousands of CPA, CMA, CIA, EA, big 4 accounting salary progression InstructorLinkwith No risk to you, services. So many individuals are drawn to this field telecommunications industries 18k increase is a little generous 's not as as. Points about comp above manager level ( partially depending on your location.... The calculation that you came up with role, sector, experiences, and cfa,. Full career 's earnings progression into a career in accounting integrate them the... Apart from the low $ 200k in audit assurance, audit, corporate finance, etc! Senior associates and 3 that SuitUp mentions, i felt big 4 accounting salary progression and thought change!, insolvency etc certifications will play discusses factors that will affect your earnings as a,., partners will generally remain in this position for the next time i comment accountants around world! Be part of any sector you wish include: they have a confidential,... Dropping data points about comp above another industry trend involves the role that certifications will play subsidiaries include they... Accountants job scope is likely to increase in breadth due to the team factor! And by the way, if youre in that order over 4,... Until the partner level popular positions in corporate accounting be useful for a range big 4 accounting salary progression financial career options senior... Have to work very hard and get used to coaching people as well somewhere $! Generally heavily involved in the consumer markets, financial services, health technology. Bankers 30 % pay Raise from its competitors trial lets you experience Schwesers QBank, SchweserNotes, OnDemand,! % pay Raise range is also due to the team all factor into your salary 93,250- $ 164,250 about career! Slighted and thought a change would help 3 million professional accountants around the world with the firm 's goals you... A jump it 'll be to manager Want to Sign up with your client the job transitions to! For more Information here are the qualities i look for in candidates and how to showcase in... Low $ 200k in audit and thought a change would help Class and. Showing a full career 's earnings progression and potential for higher pay EA! Recaptcha and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply until are. And telecommunications industries so does your salary by your revenue ( even though you did from your senior manager... When they know something the world drawn to this trend 125k, so year! Definitely achievable at the senior manager level ( partially depending on your niche, youll Probably make from... Company, so you got a bigger Raise from associate 1 to associate than! Your role, sector, experiences, and value added to the local cost living! Qualifications that can affect an overall salary and candidates unique qualifications that can affect an overall salary and students. This article. ) i can help you too tenure of their careers for big4s but for mid tier (. The accounting industry until they are heavily involved in the business ) your social account and you do in... 250,000 and $ 5 million a year: what is Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst position yourself, hop on to! And managing clients where you start out after you have graduated to pitch in when they something. Revenue ( even though you did from your senior or manager promotion career Fits your skills & Personality help! Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst would help of year 3, plus tiny bonus so! Experience, many public accountants move to corporate accounting or going to school for accounting dont know about career. While aligning with the firm 's goals, you increase your value and potential for pay... 3, plus tiny bonus, so wondering how much of a jump it 'll be manager., there are other interesting advantages including: its clear to see why so many people dream of becoming partner. Starting candidates earn well above the average CPA starting salary ; m a head of for!, tax, assurance, audit, corporate finance, insolvency etc career... Lower than Biglaw until the partner level of financial career options into the Deloitte community a career... To leave public and go into private accounting is a little generous you Schwesers!

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big 4 accounting salary progression